A look at Japan’s economic, political and diplomatic scenario in the Akihito era
The author is a research fellow on Japanese studies with the China Institutes of Contemporary International Relations
第三，网络参与。网络参与具有参与迅速、便捷、开放、透明的特点。当前，县级人民政府基本上开通了县长信箱、乡镇亦开通了政务微信公众号，这些方式为公众尤其是城乡二元结构中的农村流动人口参与扶贫治理提供了便捷的途径，政府有必要在制定规范性文件时运用新媒体和网络空间广泛收集和考量民意，参考全国人大及其常委会在网上公布法律草案的做法在对应的官方微博、微信、官方网站公布地方规范性文件的草稿或建议稿，公布文件草案及其说明等材料，并明确提出意见的方式和期限。
With Japanese Emperor Akihito’s abdication on April 30, the three-decade Heisei Era, which started from his accession on January 8, 1989, of ficially came to an end.
The era was preceded by the Showa Era(1926-89) when Japan tried to catch up with developed countries and finally achieved the goal. When the Showa Era ended, Japan had reached the peak of its economic development, resulting in the United States’ taking steps to curb the rising Asian power. The confidence and national pride of the Japanese also reached its peak, the reason why many Japanese cherish the memory of that period.
However, not long after the starting of the Heisei Era, Japan’s economic bubble burst and it was also caught in the middle of political instability. Japan’s political, economic and diplomatic landscape entered a stage of reconstruction.
Essentially, Abe’s means to stimulate the economy was the same as the fiscal stimulus advocated by Prime Minister Keizo Obuchi from 1998 to 2000, and both failed to make the Japanese economy turn into a virtuous circle. Therefore, Abenomics is not the answer to the Japanese economic problem. Quantitative easing itself is an unconventional means rather than a normal one. In the new Reiwa Era under new Emperor Naruhito, boosting the economy still remains a problem of the country.
Koizumi chose to resolve the fiscal problems first while the incumbent Prime Minister Shinzo Abe stimulated the economy through unprecedented quantitative easing. Although Abe’s policy did make the Japanese economy look good, it did not solve the fundamental problems including the shrinking domestic market due to the falling birth rate, a shrunken tax base caused by enterprises relocating abroad, and difficulties in improving labor productivity due to lack of manpower and innovation.
Economy: momentum lost
Japan has undeniable competitive strength in its manufacturing, technology and service sectors. Many Japanese transnational corporations have performed well and overseas investment income has been an important factor supporting the Japanese stock market.
Some regarded the first 20 years of the Heisei Era as lost and stagnant. During this period, Japan explored ways to emerge from the aftermath of the economic bubble burst, which undermined the financial environment and dragged the country into recession. In the 1990s, the banking and securities industries suffered greatly, and the negative impact remained until Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi took power at the beginning of the 21st century.
The economy is interrelated with diplomacy and politics, serving as the basis. Whether the economy can grow determines if the comprehensive national strength, the most important foundation for diplomacy, can be enhanced. Economic growth is conducive to political stability, while economic downturns often lead to political instability.
2.3.1 上消化道出血发生率 3项研究[3，5，19]报道了上消化道出血发生率，各研究间无统计学异质性（P＝0.62，I2＝0），采用固定效应模型进行分析，详见图2。Meta分析结果显示，试验组患者上消化道出血发生率显著低于对照组，差异有统计学意义[RR＝0.16，95%CI（0.07，0.34），P＜0.01]。
在机械电气控制装置中机械控制设备占据主导地位，在应用PLC技术的过程中可以有效达到自动化控制的效果。以往的控制模式主要是采用一对一的控制方法，这种方法在控制的过程中具有一定的复杂性，而且存在的不稳定因素也是非常的多，严重影响了设备运行的安全性。经过研究发现，在机械控制设备中的应用PLC 技术可以起到一定的控制作用，可以简化控制过程，极大的降低了故障的发生率[1]。
However, during the 30 years of the Heisei Era, the domestic situation for economic growth deteriorated in Japan. The declining birth rate and the increasing aging population led to shrinking markets with insufficient demand. The low total factor productivity made the GDP growth sluggish and economic growth weak.
At the end of the last century, the Japanese Government was unable to solve these fundamental problems and borrowed heavily to stimulate the economy. It resulted in soaring government debt, which became double the GDP. Yet the stimulus failed to put Japan’s economy back on track of normal growth, instead plunging it deeper into crisis.
第二个例子是产生一个圆分布的电场，为此将8个辅助偶极子天线阵列沿圆周均匀放置。最后一个例子是生成开放L形的电场分布， 为此将5个辅助偶极子组成的接收天线阵列沿L形线均匀放置。两个例子的模拟和测试结果如图7和图8所示，模拟和测量结果基本一致。
The focus of the debate in Japan was whether to solve the debt issue first or ignore it and continue stimulating the economy.
The Japanese mulled over the way forward as not only had the international and domestic conditions changed significantly but also because Japan, which had become an economic power, could not sustain its development model based on the European and the U.S.experience and needed to find its own way.
壮瑶药材马蹄蕨多糖的提取工艺及其3种单糖的含量测定方法研究 ……………………………………… 张赟赟等（19）：2667
Diplomacy: U.S.-reliant
The long stagnation of the economy affected Japanese diplomacy significantly. In the early 1990s, the Japanese were ambitious and some even suggested that the U.S., Japan and Europe should rule the world jointly. But this ambition vanished as the economic bubble burst.
In the new international political pattern characterized by the coexistence of one superpower and many powers, Japan wished to play an important role. So it embraced strong diplomatic enthusiasm in the Heisei Era. In the 1990s, Japan sought to become a permanent member of the UN Security Council. It also sought to have the “enemy state” clause removed from the UN Charter.
However, Japan’s own national strength could not support it to become an international power with discourse power.Therefore relying on the U.S. to reach its goal became an important feature of Japanese diplomacy in the Heisei Era.In the 1990s, Japan and the U.S. revised the Guidelines for Japan-U.S. Defense Cooperation to stabilize and consolidate bilateral ties. Japan has been hoping to make use of the U.S. power to advance its own international standing all the time.
With Japan pursuing becoming a great power, its views on China have changed.How to get along with China has become a controversial issue in Japan’s diplomacy after the Cold War. The Sino-Japanese relations in the Heisei Era repeatedly suffered ups and downs, partly because of Japan’s counterbalance of China with the U.S., and more importantly, because Japan considered China as a potential rival geopolitically. The historical and territorial issues between the two countries have always been difficult problems in the bilateral relationship. Apart from the complexity of these issues themselves,Japan’s tough attitude toward China is also an important reason.
On April 1 in Tokyo, a boy shows a newspaper with the headline of announcing Reiwa as the name of new era
For example, in the 1990s, Japan attempted to establish the Asian Monetary Fund but was stopped by the U.S. In 2009,then Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama proposed the creation of an East Asian Community like the European Union. Later,after the U.S. withdrew from the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), a 12-country trade bloc, Abe gathered other members to reach the Comprehensive and Progressive TPP, demonstrating the independence of Japanese diplomacy.
不同的照射数目，90%等剂量线所覆盖PTV剂量分布状况一样，靶区剂量的分布受照射野数目的影响不大，90%体积的PTV接受最低剂量是50 Gy。靶区以外卷入正常组织的5野布野比9、7野布野多，其中9野布野最少，脊髓保护5野低于7、9野。
Relying entirely on the U.S and completely becoming its affiliate could make Japan drift further from its goal of becoming a strong country. Therefore, while consolidating the Japan-U.S. alliance, Japan also pursued diplomatic independence from time to time to increase its voice in the international economic and political field.
In recent years, with China-U.S. relations witnessing tumult, Abe’s initiative to improve Sino-Japanese relations is also a manifestation of this relative independence.
Politics: complex situation
Japan’s politics are closely related to the economy and diplomacy. Though the economic stagnation occurred for various reasons, people tended to attribute it to the incompetence of political leaders. In 1991, after the economy fell into a trough, the shortcomings of the longruling Liberal Democratic Party became the object of public anger, which led to its ouster in 1993.
People hoped for a savior to lead the country out of the predicament and that’s why Koizumi was elected prime minister in 2001 even though he was not the most promising leader. When Koizumi’s successors were unable to perform like he did, they were rejected by the public, with prime ministers changing every year for six consecutive years after Koizumi’s stepping down.
据悉，此次规划招标的预算金额为3 500万元，包括广州市轨道交通一体化规划研究和广州东站综合交通枢纽规划两大部分。其中，广州市轨道交通一体化规划研究分为8个专题：广州市轨道交通网络发展现状及规划评估；广州市轨道交通一体化规划研究客流调查与预测；粤港澳大湾区广州铁路通道方案及广州市内布局方案；广州铁路枢纽客站分工优化调整及新客站选址研究；越珠江通道规划布局研究；三眼桥至新塘通道扩能方案研究；广深港高铁引入广州中心城区方案研究；广州市轨道交通四网融合规划方案研究。
The political turmoil made people hope for stability and Abenomics created a false prosperity, which has led to Abe’s continuous governance for more than six years from 2012.
The other important characteristic of Japan’s politics during the Heisei Era has been the right-wing swing stemming from nationalism. During Japan’s pursuit to become a global power, the Japanese elite chose to cover up or whitewash historical issues rather than apologize for them. This approach has led to rightwing leaders visiting the notorious Yasukuni Shrine in Japan that honors convicted criminals of World War II despite outcries and caused difficulties for Japan to completely normalize its relations with neighbors. This has adversely affected economic relations with the neighbors.
In the Reiwa Era, whether Japan continues its Heisei Era trajectory or opens up a new path will be significant not only for Japan but for peace and stability in East Asia. ■
Copyedited by Sudeshna Sarkar
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