The U.S. unilateral move against the Golan Heights violates UN resolutions and international law
U.S. President Donald Trump signed a proclamation recognizing Israeli sovereignty over the occupied Golan Heights while Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu stood next to him in the Oval Office on March 25.
The Trump administration’s move reversed the position that the U.S. has held for more than 50 years after Israel seized the Golan from Syria during the 1967 Arab-Israeli War. Israel subsequently annexed the land in 1981, which the 15-member UN Security Council, including the U.S., declared “null and void and without international legal effect.”
The U.S. move was opposed and condemned by all other 14 member countries of the Security Council at a meeting on March 27. Rosemary DiCarlo, UN Under Secretary General for Political and Peacebuilding Affairs,said the UN position on the territory is clear,notably in Security Council resolutions 242(1967) and 497 (1981). “We hope that the recent developments will not be used as an excuse by anyone to pursue actions that could undermine the relative stability of the situation on the Golan and beyond,” she stressed.
Rejecting “the illegal statement” by the U.S., Syria’s delegate to the UN emphasized that the unilateral action had neither legal nor moral value. World public opinion is isolating the U.S. and Israel, said Syrian Ambassador to the UN Bashar Jaafari, during the UN Security Council meeting.
“You can give them North and South Carolina, for example, why not? South Carolina is a great piece of land... So, give Israel a couple of states if this administration really wants to have Israeli support,” Jaafari said.
Wu Haitao, Deputy Permanent Representative of China to the UN, said the parties concerned should implement the relevant Security Council resolutions. The Golan is recognized by the international community as occupied territory, he said, China does not wish to see tensions rise in the area.
Washington’s European allies are also against the move. The French Deputy Ambassador to the UN Anne Guegen said the European Union had affirmed that its member states did not recognize Israel’s sovereignty over the Golan and that any efforts to override UN Security Council resolutions over the land were “doomed to failure.” The UK’s representative to the UN said that her delegation’s position that the Golan is territory occupied by Israel remains unchanged,affirming her country’s belief in the rulesbased international order.
Behind the move
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It is clear that the U.S. recognition will not transcend the consensus of the UN or the international community, bearing more symbolic meaning than actual influence.The U.S. posture did not produce any changes in the situation, Yu said. Israel has tightly controlled the Golan since 1967. Syria and other neighboring countries do not possess the military strength to drive Israel out.
[4][5]马克思、恩格斯：《马克思恩格斯选集》第2卷，北京：人民出版社，1995年，第32-33页。
Moreover, Trump’s support for Israel and Netanyahu has played well with his conservative political base, which can drum up more support for his 2020 re-election bid,according to Liu.
UN Security Council Resolution 242 was adopted unanimously by the UN Security Council on November 22, 1967, in the aftermath of the 1967 Arab-Israeli War. It required “the withdrawal of Israeli armed forces from territories occupied in the recent conflict” and affirmed the need “for guaranteeing the territorial inviolability and political independence of every State in the area.”
A girl waves a Syrian flag as Druze residents of the Golan Heights protested in the village of Majdal Shams on March 23, against remarks by U.S. President Donald Trump that the Israeli-occupied Syrian territory should be recoginzed as Israel’s
The Trump administration has always adopted a pro-Israel policy, Yu Guoqing,a researcher on Mideast studies with the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, said.By recognizing Israel’s sovereignty over the Golan, the strategic partnership between the U.S. and Israel has hit a record high. A string of diplomatic overtures reflect that Washington still values Israel as its most reliable ally in the Middle East and the most trustworthy partner to implement U.S. policy in the region, such as striking against Iran. That is why Trump has consistently emphasized deepening bilateral ties, Yu said.
For Netanyahu who faces voters in a hardfought election back home on April 9,Trump’s decree came at a very good time and is an invaluable political gift, said Liu Baolai, former Ambassador of China to Jordan and a senior researcher with the China Institute of International Studies.
Realizing checks and balances in the Middle East by using allied forces is the most evident characteristic of the current U.S. Middle East policy, Sun Degang, a professor with Shanghai International Studies University, said. With the increasing presence of non-Western powers in the Middle East such as Russia, Egypt and Iran, the Trump administration is reluctant to invest too much manpower and money, instead pushing ahead its Middle East Strategic Alliance plan, where facilitating strategic cooperation with Israel plays an important part. “Israel becomes the ‘bridgehead’of the U.S. in the Eastern Mediterranean area,” Sun said.
UN Security Council Resolution 338 was adopted by the UN Security Council on October 22, 1973, following the Fourth Arab-Israeli War. It called upon “all parties to present fighting to cease all firing and terminate all military activity immediately” and start the immediate implementation of Security Council Resolution 242.
This proclamation followed the U.S. recognition of Jerusalem as the capital of Israel and the moving of its embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem in May 2018.
2.1.2 呼吸道准备 因气管病变导致气道狭窄，使患者呼吸功能显著减退。由于呼吸困难明显，使术前常规呼吸功能训练难以实施。在给予充分吸氧的情况下，讲解改善呼吸功能的方法，包括深呼吸、腹式呼吸、缩唇呼吸和咳嗽技术，达到了解方法，具体锻炼以能耐受为度。平喘治疗同时，加强雾化吸入治疗，每日生理盐水100 mL+氨溴索30 mg氧源雾化吸入。
Golan Heights UN Resolutions
UN Security Council Resolution 497 was adopted unanimously by the UN Security Council on December 17, 1981, after Israel annexed and applied its government and laws to the Golan Heights. It decided that “the Israeli decision to impose its laws, jurisdiction and administration in the occupied Syrian Golan Heights was null and void and without international legal effect,” and demanded that “Israel, the occupying Power, should rescind forthwith its decision.”
Future impact
According to Liu, Netanyahu had to deal with various corruption allegations and a fierce challenge from Benny Gantz, a retired military chief, during the campaign, leading to the possibility that he may lose.
科学技术已经成为我国发展过程中的关键元素，针对数据处理方面的网站也较为广泛，数据演化的形式也随着不同领域的特点发生着不同程度的变化，具体表现为以下三种。
The Golan is of significant strategic importance as it borders Israel, Lebanon and Jordan. The plateau, with an average altitude of 1,000 meters, can overlook the Galilee Valley in Israel and Syria’s capital Damascus.The transportation network is developed in this region with roads directly connected to Damascus. Moreover, it is abundant in water resources and viewed as the water tower of the area. With an annual rainfall of 500 to 600 mm flowing into the southwest Galilee Lake, it provides 40 percent of fresh water for Israel.
Trump’s attempt to legalize the Israeli occupation violated the long-held international principles of preserving territorial integrity and prohibiting the acquisition of the territory of other countries through war. Analysts believe that it could pave the way for the U.S.to recognize a future annexation of the West Bank by Israel.
The U.S. move will definitely affect Arab countries’ attitude toward Israel in the short term, Yu said. Israel has been striving to improve ties with Arab countries in recent years,but such efforts will be thwarted.
综上所述，《综合英语》系列教材文本的空白并不单独存在于某个层次中，而是贯穿了所有的层次。所以，《综合英语》教材文本的意义并不单独存在于某个层次中，而是多层次的复合体现。这种体现势必会导致其解读模式也是多层次整合的解读过程。
In the long term, Trump’s so-called Middle East peace plan will face more obstacles, while the relationship between the U.S.and Middle Eastern countries will be more difficult, and achieving real peace will be more challenging. ■
在当前社会经济不断快速发展的背景下，各个行业都在积极发展，虽然对我国国民经济增长而言，具有一定的影响和作用。但是生态环境问题却一直被忽视，甚至有很多领域在发展时，对环境造成严重的污染影响。甚至有很多企业在发展过程中，将牺牲环境作为自己发展的代价。由此可以看出，在当前我国现代城市化进程不断推进和发展的背景下，虽然经济取得了一定的发展，但是对环境的破坏也越来越严重。
Copyedited by Rebeca Toledo
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