Survey reveals difference in how people spend their average day
After a weeklong hiatus, the Shangdi area in Beijing’s Haidian District became abuzz with activities as people returned from their Chinese New Year holiday. During the morning rush hour, young people jumped off buses and hurried into nearby office buildings, while elderly citizens,dragging shopping trolleys, flocked into nearby grocery stores.
Despite the dancing snowflakes, a phenomenon rarely seen in the capital, Guo Jie kicked off her day as usual, square dancing in a small park on the morning of February 12.The retired accountant told Beijing Review that every morning she spends 1 to 2 hours dancing.
“Blow, northern wind, blow; fly snowflakes, fly,” she hummed a tune while asking a woman to play the song as it was just right for the day’s weather. Dressed in red tracksuits, she and three other women in their 60s and 70s concluded their exercise routine with a group photo against the snowy background.
试验以鲜奶为主要原料，加入具有一定保健功能的百香果和胡萝卜，研制出一种营养丰富的新型合酸奶，不仅拥有普通酸奶的保健功能，还增加了百香果、胡萝卜的优良特性，以满足不同人群对酸奶的需求，具有广阔的发展前景。
Guo thinks exercising has brought her both physical and psychological benefits. “It guards me against diseases and makes me happy,” she said.
The survey indicates that an average Chinese spent 7 hours and 41 minutes on employment activities. The finding did not vary significantly by gender, between urban and rural areas, as well as between work and non-work days.
“The survey reflects the time residents put in various activities, which provides a new dimension for observing their daily life,gauging economic and social changes, and evaluating the improvement in people’s livelihood,” senior NBS statistician Jin Hong said.
Time tidings
However, since the survey reported only the average time spent on certain activities, the results may not correspond to the experience of specific individuals or groups.For instance, although the survey shows that an average resident worked 4 hours and 24 minutes, a security guard surnamed Li told Beijing Review that his typical work day is much longer.
根据香菇酱的独特风味，以香菇风味酱的形态色泽、香味、口感、风味、杂质的有无为评价指标，设计香菇酱感官评分表。由100名食品专业人士对产品进行感官评价，感官评定标准见表1。
Of all types of unpaid work, the difference in gender roles was mainly reflected by the difference in time spent on housework and childcare.According to the survey, women spent an average of 2 hours and 6 minutes on housework,while men 45 minutes; women spent an average of 53 minutes taking care of children, while men 17 minutes.
实验组非常满意21例、一般8例、不满意3例,患者满意度90.6%(29/32);对照组非常满意14例、一般7例、不满意11例,临床治疗总有效率65.6%(21/32),两组患者临床治疗效果对比,差异显著P<0.05,x 2=5.841。
The category that took the second longest time was paid work, either employment activities or family production and business activities.On average, residents spent 4 hours and 24 minutes, 18.3 percent of their daily time, on such activities. The participation rate in paid work was 64.5 percent on the work day and 45.1 percent on the non-work day.
The time Guo spends on exercising every day is more than double that of the national average—30 minutes for women and 41 for urban women, as a national survey on how people spend their time shows. The findings of the survey, the second of its kind in China,were released by the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) on January 25.
On average, women spent 3 hours and 48 minutes on unpaid work, much more than the 1 hour and 32 minutes spent by men. The participation rate in unpaid work was 55.3 percent for men and 84.2 percent for women.
Women in Datong City, north China’s Shanxi Province, take part in square dancing on October 9, 2018
They also spent 3 hours and 56 minutes,or 16.4 percent of a day, on personal discretionary activities, primarily leisure, fitness and networking; 27 minutes, or 1.9 percent of a day, on studying and training; and 38 minutes, 2.7 percent of a day, on the road,mainly commuting.
The survey was conducted on a work day and a non-work day in May 2018. It covered 48,580 people in 11 provincial-level regions on the Chinese mainland. Participants were asked to log their activities around the clock on the two days. They had to also include whether they used the Internet and who they were with during the activities.
“Every day, I start work at 7 a.m. and wrap up at 10 p.m.,” said the middle-aged man from Binzhou City in east China’s Shandong Province, who has been working in Beijing for four years. Because he is paid by the hour, he often opts to work extra time to make more money. He explained that his family members are not with him in Beijing,and he does not have anything particularly fun to do in his spare time, so he chooses to work longer. He remained on duty during the Chinese New Year holiday, for which he could get triple pay.
Zou Xiaojuan, a train attendant working overtime during the Spring Festival travel rush, receives dinner prepared by her husband on January 22
Trends of change
The survey sheds light on a number of social patterns such as the difference between the roles men and women play at home, and between the lives of urban and rural residents.
综上所述，学校管理成败与否的重要因素就是人的因素，因此对于学校的人力资源管理工作必须要充分重视。学校领导要制定出适合本校发展的规章制度，全面地评价每一位教师，建立完善的人才考评机制，把经过实践考验证明合理的各类优秀人才及时选用到合适的工作岗位上来，让他们尽情地发挥自己的聪明才智。
It suggests that modern family life is still characterized by the traditional gender-based division of labor: Men work mainly outside the house and women play the main role in taking care of their home.
In addition, respondents on average spent 2 hours and 42 minutes, or 11.3 percent of a day, on unpaid work. This covered housework, taking care of adult family members, purchasing goods or services,seeing the doctor and charitable activities.For parents, taking care of children, escorting them to and back from after-school classes and tutoring them were the major responsibilities.
Since not all respondents engaged in all activities on the two days surveyed, the participation rates of the activities were also reported, Jin said.
张政涌这孩子刚入学时，外表看着很不舒服，浓绿的鼻涕流过“河”，汗渍渍的小脸抹得黑乎乎的，无论好好的衣服穿在他身上总是“衣冠不整”，我问他问题，他回答得不仅语无伦次，而且吐字也不清楚。
另外，策略性地导入具体案例，如阿波罗任务飞船使用的推进剂燃料涉及到化学反应的热效应为：5N2O4 + 4MeNHNH2→9N2 + 12H2O +4CO2，反应物为N2O4和N2H4的衍生物，这个反应放热量极大，产物均为气体，应注意2个关键点：（1）2种反应物之间非常敏感，务必保持2种材料完全隔绝；（2）MeNHNH2有剧毒．以往的教学实践证明以此例导入讲解热效应较传统教学效果更好，充分地挖掘相关案例丰富教学内容是一种有效的教学方法．
1.2.7.4 规范医疗废物处置 （1）将ICU内负压传输通道进行全面整修，对通道进行分类，设置MDRO专用传递通道；（2）规范MDRO感染医疗废物标识；（3）规范医疗废物处置流程。
The activities were sorted into six categories, with the average time spent on each noted. It was found that activities to meet physiological needs took up nearly half a day, the longest among the six categories.On average, people spent 11 hours and 53 minutes on such activities, which included sleeping, resting, personal hygiene and eating.
The digital divide between urban and rural areas was evident. The survey demonstrates that urban residents spent an average of 3 hours and 23 minutes on the Internet daily,much longer than the 1 hour and 38 minutes spent by rural residents.
Compared with results of the previous survey in 2008, the new one uncovers some longitudinal trends.
2.3.3 白细胞降低有效率 5个RCTs对针刺治疗CP的白细胞降低有效率进行了报告，共包括606例，Meta分析结果如图5所示：针刺治疗的疗效显著优于中药坐浴，与服用西药的疗效则无显著差异。
Jin said people now use more time to meet their physiological needs, indicating a healthier lifestyle. The time spent on paid work has reduced due to improved labor productivity.
People also share more time with family members, Jin said. In 2018, the respondents said they spent 53 minutes with family members, which was much more than the 30 minutes reported a decade ago.
Nowadays, parents attach more importance to childcare and child education and spend a significant amount of time on this.There is a saying in Beijing that in their spare time, parents are either sitting with their children in after-school classes or are on the way to or from such classes. Xing Ying, a graphic designer in Beijing, told Beijing Review that he usually spends 1.5 hours accompanying his daughter to after-school classes during weekdays, and about 6 hours on Saturdays.
On the other hand, rapid development of the service industry such as food delivery has contributed to reducing the time spent on housework, Jin said.
Compared with a decade ago, people spend more time on leisure and fitness activities now, less time on commuting, and remarkably more time on the Internet.
In 2008, people on average spent only 14 minutes on the Internet; in 2018, it jumped to 2 hours and 42 minutes.
The surveys will also help cross-country comparisons as other countries have conducted similar studies. For instance,comparing the time Chinese, Japanese and U.S. men and women spend on unpaid work can reveal cultural differences, NBS official Zhang Zhongliang said. ■
Copyedited by Sudeshna Sarkar
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