With U.S.-Taliban talks scuttled, more challenges lie ahead for the Afghan peace process By Li Qingyan
The author is an associate researcher with the China Institute of International Studies
Soon after coming to power in 2017, U.S. President Donald Trump unveiled his new strategy in Afghanistan and South Asia, hoping to change the passive U.S. status in Afghanistan. In a sketchily outlined plan at the White House, he said the new strategy would shift from a time-based approach to one based on conditions on the ground. Also, all instruments of U.S. power, diplomatic, economic and military, would be concentrated to ensure a successful outcome.
“Someday, after an effective military effort, perhaps it will be possible to have a political settlement that includes elements of the Taliban in Afghanistan, but nobody knows if or when that will ever happen,” he said.
The necessity for a new strategy arose after the U.S. remained mired in the violence in Afghanistan with no signs of change. The situation kept deteriorating with the Taliban military group stepping up its attacks on military and civilian targets and the so-called Islamic State (ISIS) extremists, driven out of Iraq, increasingly infiltrating the war-torn country.
U.S. military spending in Afghanistan rocketed, finally driving Trump to consider reconciliation talks. A peace agreement would end the longest war the U.S. has been engaged in and slash the military expenditure of Afghanistan.
1.3.1 胃肠道功能障碍评分标准 按照1995年全国危重病急救医学学术会制定的标准计分［7］：轻度腹胀、肠鸣音减弱，记1分；高度腹胀、肠鸣音近于消失，记2分；麻痹性肠梗阻、应激性溃疡出血，记3分。
Progress in talks
After several rounds of talks, the U.S.-Taliban negotiations gradually focused on four topics: a timetable for U.S. troop withdrawal, a guarantee by the Taliban that it would stop terrorist activities, a comprehensive ceasefi re and internal dialogue within Afghanistan.
Negotiations between the Afghan Government and the Taliban are a critical part of the peace process where the state system, constitutional reform and distribution of power, including arms reorganization, will have to be negotiated. It is likely to be a long journey full of twists and turns.
常规检验组准确96例，错误10例，检验结果准确率88.89%，误诊率9.82%，治疗有效率89.81%，失控1，假受控5，真受控率95.37%；PDCA改进组准确102例，错误3例，准确率94.44%，误诊率2.77%，治疗有效率96.29%，失控0，假受控0，真受控率100%；差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。
The Taliban has insisted it will not hold talks with the Afghan Government in the first stage. So the U.S.-Taliban negotiations became mainly related to troop withdrawal timetable and the Taliban severing its links with extremist armed groups including Al-Qaeda and ISIS.
The anti-Taliban forces give priority to the election. The alliance that came to power after the Taliban's rule was overthrown by the U.S. refuses to share power with the Taliban and fears the military group will restore an Islamic emirate in Afghanistan if it were to come to power again.
The U.S. announced that it would withdraw 5,400 soldiers in the first stage, reducing the number of U.S. soldiers in Afghanistan to 8,600, and shut down five military bases. The tacit understanding was that if the Taliban failed to keep its word and Afghanistan once again became the base of threats and attacks against the U.S. and its allies, the troop withdrawal would be postponed or even reversed.
To reach this objective, Zalmay Khalilzad, former U.S. Ambassador to Afghanistan and Iraq, was appointed special representative for Afghanistan reconciliation. Khalilzad talked with Taliban representatives and shuttled among Russia, China, India and other regional countries to win their support for the talks. This seeming shift in the U.S. strategy offered a historic opportunity for reinstating peace and stability in Afghanistan.
他的手悬在她的左胸上空，呆呆地，竟一时不知该如何是好。他从来没有过这种感觉，他有一种冲动，想要将手落上去，触一触那片肌肤，可他又忽然觉得，一旦自己这只手落下去，世界都会变了样。
There are opposing voices inside the Trump administration on a complete troop withdrawal. Some high-level officials have warned that a hasty withdrawal might push Afghanistan back into a civil war and jeopardize U.S. interests. Conservatives have been pressing Trump to halt the talks and refuse to sign a peace agreement.
In addition, President Ashraf Ghani's rivals are questioning the legitimacy of his administration, asking him to hand over power to an interim government so that the elections are free and fair. But Ghani has rejected the idea of an interim government run by different stakeholders including the Taliban.
During a media interview, Trump stressed that the U.S. would however maintain a strong intelligence force in Afghanistan.
However, after eight rounds of talks, this month, Trump announced he was pulling out, following an attack by the Taliban in the Afghan capital Kabul that killed 12 people. Consequently, Trump's announced plan to pull out all U.S. troops stationed in Afghanistan by the 2020 presidential election will be a severe test. So now the process to end 18 years of violence in Afghanistan is going to be even more challenging.
Currently, the Afghan Government is unable to resist Taliban attacks on its own and the U.S. continues to assist it through a phased withdrawal of troops. With the U.S. military force in Afghanistan reduced, Washington is seeking to influence the future situation in Afghanistan by political, economic and diplomatic means. The strategic importance of Afghanistan, the heart of Asia, has not lessened for the U.S. Only, it aims to do the infl uencing in a more economical way.
分子鉴定：提取藻株基因组DNA，利用特异性引物进行PCR扩增得到微藻18S rDNA片段，由图3可得，该片段大小约为1800 bp。
Afghan society has become more fragmented and it is diffi cult to reach common ground on the peace process. The political parties have been busy with the election and neglected the peace and reconciliation process.
For its part, the Taliban militants have been pressing for a complete withdrawal of U.S. troops first to improve their image at home and make them appear as national heroes who fought foreign invasion.
But while the talks were on, both sides tried to ratchet up their leverage. Both increased their offensives with the U.S. ordering more air strikes and the Taliban stepping up random attacks. The game continued both on the ground and at the negotiation table.
Election complexities
Afghanistan will hold its presidential election on September 28. Earlier scheduled for April, it was delayed repeatedly as the government waited for the result of the negotiations between the U.S. and the Taliban.
⑵强化医院档案管理信息化和网络安全建设。网络系统有多个因素组成,其中,软件和硬件是不可少的两个因素,在辅助其他数据材料,通过拼装整合,构成一个完整的计算机系统,将其可靠、高效、便捷等特点完全展现出来。网络安全系统决定了医院信息安全,能保证医院信息不出现泄漏,也能保证不同组织部分受到损害不同,在一定层面上确保医院网络系统正常运行,同时提供给医院持续网络支持。在进行网络安全保护中会通过以下四个措施来实施[5-6]:①数据恢复技术。②数据加密技术。③防火墙技术。④攻击监测技术。这些手段能够确保医院保密性,使患者个人信息和诊疗过程不会发生外泄。
According to a Taliban spokesperson, the U.S. agreed to withdraw all troops in 15 to 24 months, in exchange for the Taliban agreeing that the territory of Afghanistan would not be used to attack the U.S. and its allies.
在新时代全面深化改革中推进全面依法治国。党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央以高瞻远瞩的战略眼光、一往无前的宏大气魄、雷厉风行的坚毅行动、激浊扬清的责任担当，揭开了新时代全面深化改革的大幕，确立了完善和发展中国特色社会主义制度、推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的全面深化改革总目标。与之相适应，从关系党和国家前途命运、长治久安的战略全局高度来定位法治、布局法治、推进法治、厉行法治，确立了建设中国特色社会主义法治体系、建设社会主义法治国家的全面依法治国总目标。
我回到房间，在想这突如其来的来自隔壁的好意，究竟是什么意思，看着那个精致的果盘上摆满的玲珑剔透的水果上细细的牙签，我觉得这些牙签分分钟都有可能插进我的喉咙，要了我的命。我将果盘中的水果都倒进了厨房的垃圾桶里，一个不留。我觉得我做得对，我甚至都不知道她的名字。
All this has made the issue more complicated. Since troop withdrawal, an antiterrorism guarantee, a complete ceasefire and internal dialogue are interrelated, the U.S., Taliban and Afghan Government have to come together to reach a package of solutions to change the current situation in Afghanistan.
Other actors
An ambulance arrives at the site of an explosion in Kabul, capital of Afghanistan, on September 17
Besides these challenges, the situations in other regional countries and their divergent interests will also infl uence the Afghan peace process.
Conflicts between Afghanistan's neighbors India and Pakistan have recently intensified over Kashmir. Both countries are of strategic importance to Afghanistan and the bilateral tension could affect peace negotiations.
Saudi Arabia, Iran and Turkey also want a role in the reconciliation in Afghanistan, but they are competing with one another and cannot create a combined force. Russia has stolen a march over them by promoting internal dialogue in Afghanistan. It has hosted dialogue in Moscow between the Afghan Government and the Taliban, and become a force in the peace process.
As an important neighbor of Afghanistan, China supports and has participated in the reconciliation process. China supports an Afghan-led and Afghan-owned peace and reconciliation process for maintaining regional security and stability in the neighborhood. During the third round of China-Afghanistan-Pakistan Trilateral Foreign Ministers' Dialogue on September 7, China proposed an orderly and responsible troop withdrawal for a steady transition in Afghanistan.
With Afghanistan at a critical point in its peace process, it requires the joint efforts of all related parties to ensure the desired result.
中医推拿可结合头面部及瘫痪肢体穴位,推拿的时候应该尽可能控制推拿的力度,避免引起患者的不适。在按摩后可以进行患肢及关节功能训练,主要依据患者训练情况,调整训练的时间及训练的频率。穴位按摩可以采取点按穴位的方式,选择的上下肢相应穴位进行按摩,其中上肢穴位:内关、曲池、合谷、肩井、尺泽、凤池。下肢穴位:涌泉、解溪、太冲、昆仑、三阴交、承山、足三里、阳陵泉。穴位按摩手法轻柔,并且穴位选择准确,保证穴位按摩的质量。
Copyedited by Sudeshna Sarkar
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