——IndiaNationalistmovement
樊菊兰州大学新闻与传播学院
Today,thediamondnamedKoh-i-NoorisstilldazzledwithbrilliancyontheCrownofQueenElizabeth.ButwhatcolonizershadtakenawayfromIndiaisfarawayfromdiamonds.AlthoughthepeacefulwithdrawalofBritishiscoloredbythehistoryaswellaspolitics,thelongstruggleofIndiapeoplehavegonetogreatpainstogetridofcolonialistandgetindependence.
Evenascolonizers,thewesternersfacedagreatempirewithstrongpower,exceptforthehugeEastIndianCompany.Firstistointerveningtheconflictbetweenlocalrulers,bribeandfindingproxies;Secondistakingadvantageofthecontradictionofthesmallkingdoms,andoncetheywerebothdefeated,theywouldfindtheopportunitytoattack;Thirdisunifiedthecountrythatclaimedtoattachtothem,thispartofcountryiscalled“BritishIndia”.
SomeoftheIndianruler’sinteresthadbeenhurt,andtheirritatedIndianpeoplestartedtorevolt.In1857,theGreatRebellion,alsoknownastheFirstWarofIndependence,hasfailedbutalsoledtotheadjustmentofthemannerinwhichtheBritishgovernedIndia.Laterin1858,thesignoftheLawclaimedtheendofEastIndianCompany.
TheKeytoregionalstability
Inhistory,allthecolonizersstatedseriousofwarstogettheprioritytorulethecountry.TheBattleofPlasseyin1757showstheEuropean’sconflictsonthisbigcake,andtherelationshipbetweenIndiaandBangladeshbecametense;latertheSevenYears'Warhadabiginfluenceonthepatternofthewholeworld.Inaddition,thefourtimesAnglo-MysoreWars(GurkhaWar)inlate18centuryhadcededaroundathirdofNepal'sterritorytotheBritish.
BasedonthestrongholdinIndia,thecolonizershadinterferedCeylon,Indonesia,andChina,thewholeAsianhasbeenopenedtotheEuropeans,Indiawastheplaceforcheaplaborandtheteaplanting,butSingaporehadabigdifference.AlsoChinahadbecometheopiummarkettoreversethetradedeficitatthattime.
InternationalRelationship
AttheSecondWorldWar,Indiagotindependencewithoutwar.MahatmaGandhi’sMorley-MintoReformsActbroughtaboutalimitedincreaseintheinvolvementofIndiansinthegovernanceofBritishIndia.AftertheWardWarⅡ,theclimaxofSatyagrahaMovementleadstotheindependenceofbothIndia,andPakistan.
DifferentfromDutchandFrenchcolonizers,GreatBritainleftbehindsomeappallinghistoricalmemories,includingthedemocraticsystem,educationsystem,atransportsystemofsomemagnitude,Indiahadthe4thlargestrailwaysystemintheworld,andtheEnglishlanguage,alsothecastesystemhasbeenshakentoacertainextent.
ButoneofthebiggestproblemstheyleftistheJammuandKashmir,sincePartitionofIndiahasbeensigned,thisproblemhasraisedmanymilitaryconflictsbetweenIndiaandPakistan,andalsothisareabordersonChina.Outofstrategicconsiderationsandthereligionproblem,BritishseparatedIndiaastwoparts,andthereligiousandterritorialdisputeswouldbeabigpotentialthreatenforthestabilityofCentralAsia.
DuringtheColdWar,Facingthesuperpowercompetition,IndiaplayedanimportantroleinNon-AlignedMovement/NAM,toensure"thenationalindependence,sovereignty,territorialintegrityandsecurityofnon-alignedcountries".AndPakistanhadalsojoinedthismovement.
TheobserverswhounderthecommandoftheMilitaryAdviserappointedbytheUNSecretary-General,formedthenucleusoftheUnitedNationsMilitaryObserverGroupinIndiaandPakistan(UNMOGIP).ThefirstgroupofUnitedNationsmilitaryobserversarrivedon24Januaryof1949tosupervisetheceasefirebetweenIndiaandPakistanintheStateofJammuandKashmir.Aftertheconflictof1971,TheSimlaAgreementandLahoreDeclarationsetfoundationforthestopofconflict.UNMOGIPremainedintheareatoobservedevelopmentspertainingtothestrictobservanceoftheceasefireof17December1971andreporttotheSecretary-General.
Afterthecoldwar,IndiaSparednoeffortstodevelopitseconomy,in1991Indiachangeditsdirectionofeconomicpolicyandadoptedwhatiscalledliberaleconomicreform,thecountryhasgainedagreatdevelopment.
Butin1998,thediplomaticrelationswithChinadeteriorated,withthefearofChina’sthreattoIndia,andtheinfluenceofcollapseoftheSovietUnion,IndiaconductednucleartestandhasraisedanuclearcompetitioninSouthEastAsia.Afterthat,therelationshipbetweenChinaandIndiaalternatedbetweenshakyduetotheterritorialdisputesandtheInternationalsituation.
Indiahasagreatwayofequilibriumrelationshipwithdifferentcountries;ithasbilateraltieswithRussiasinceColdWar,andtheircooperationonmanyfieldsincludingenergy,economy,trade,finance,customs,tourism,space,andweapons.Butontheotherside,IndiacandealwiththerelationshipwithAmerica.TheIndo-USnucleardealalsoprovidedthegoodopportunitytodevelopnuclearpowerwiththehelpofAmerica.
Meanwhile,theStrategicpartnershipwiththeAssociationofSoutheastAsianNationsisanothersymbolofIndia’seffortstostrengthendiplomaticrelationshipwithothercountries.Indiahasgainedgreatachievementsincethecountryhasgotridofcolonizationandfocusedondeveloping,butitstilltakesalongwayintheeconomicprogressandthesocialstabilityfortheoldcountry.
樊菊（1992——）：女，汉族，内蒙古人，兰州大学新闻与传播学院2014级新闻学专业，研究方向：新媒体及文化传播