Education, skills and social integration help prevent extremism in Xinjiang By Li Fangfang
Aphone call from a stranger changed Rezia Rahman’s life as well as the lives of dozens of others in northwest China’s Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.
As Rahman told reporters in a documentary on counter-terrorism produced and aired by state broadcaster China Central Television, she was instructed by her brother’s “friend,” a person she had never met or seen, to take part in a terror attack that killed 10 people and wounded dozens more in Luntai, a county in Xinjiang, on September 21, 2014.
She came to realize the enormity of her action when she saw a photograph of one of the victims: A young girl who loved dancing was struggling for her life in a hospital, having lost a leg in the attack.
”It’s impossible to go to heaven by killing people,” a weeping Rahman said in the documentary.
White paper on Xinjiang
Between 1990 and 2016, separatists, religious extremists and terrorists carried out a spate of terrorist attacks in Xinjiang, from bombings and assassinations to riots, killing hundreds of civilians as well as police offi -cers, who died in the line of duty, according to a white paper, Vocational Education and Training in Xinjiang, issued by the State Council Information Offi ce on August 16.
在光伏发电运行正常时，通过不断的微小的电压波动扰动光伏阵列的输出电压，继而在端电压变化同时检测输出功率变化的方向，就能够确定最优化途径，从而决定下一步电压的参考值，这种方法容易实现，测量的参数较少，而且相对精度较高，但是这种方法受环境的影响较大，不容易找到最大功率点，而是将临界点放到了最大功率点附近。
The southern part of Xinjiang was gravely impacted by protracted religious extremism. One reason was its geography. Close to the Taklimakan Desert, the largest desert in China and the world’s second largest shifting sand desert, it is an extremely arid and remote area gripped by poverty. About 90 percent of the Uygur community living there had limited means of communication and employment opportunities, since they could not read and write in the standard spoken and written Chinese language due to low educational levels. Farming and animal husbandry were the major means of livelihood, but the incomes they generated were inadequate as the farmers were mostly illiterate in modern science and used outdated equipment.
A visiting diplomat plays table tennis with a trainee at a vocational education and training center in Kashgar, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region in northwest China, on June 20
“Vocational training is one of the highlights of China’s early intervention solution,” Han said. ”If people have the skills to work and know what is against the law, they will change and live a normal life.”
Because of the environment in the region in the past, residents were easily incited to violence. “[Religious extremists] deny the concepts and achievements of modern secular civilization, inciting followers to ‘engage in a holy war and die for their beliefs in order to enter heaven’,” the white paper says.
Worldwide efforts
Early intervention is regarded as an effective way to address the root causes of people’s radicalization. Countries around the world that have known turmoil are focusing on early intervention.
In Australia, the state approach is to offer streams of activity, including an early intervention program, to help people move away from violent ideologies and reconnect with their communities, according to the Australian Government’s website.
In Denmark, the De-Radicalization—Back on Track project was launched in 2011 with the aim of helping people reintegrate into society after serving a prison sentence.
This has created better living conditions and curbed frequent terrorist incidents.
从表面上看“网店”的繁荣是摧毁了实体店和实体经济，网络经济已影响到实体经济的正常发展。但随着互联网技术的快速发展及其应用的快速普及，互联网将与现实世界更加紧密结合，网络经济与实体经济将会形成你中有我、我中有你的全面融合趋势。
首先，介绍一下民国时期的藏书，大致可分成三种：一是清代及清以前遗留下的线装书；二是民国时期出版的中文图书；三是国内出版及进口的外文图书。在集中收藏图书资料方面又分为：官办图书馆、公办校图书馆、民办校图书馆和私人收藏等。民国时期图书馆虽受西方文化教育影响发展很快，但经费不足、管理落后始终是困扰着图书馆发展的关键环节。当时政府用于教育的经费极少，用于社会教育者甚微，而社会教育中用于图书费用者则更微乎其微。
People referred to intervention programs are chosen based on their actual radical behavior that tends to develop into terrorism, Li added.
在37℃，72 h培养时间条件下，研究不同接种量对酯化力的影响，实验结果见图5。由图5可知，随着接种量的增加，酯化力先增高后降低。接种量为1%时，发酵产物的酯化力较低。当接种量为2%时，麸曲的酯化力最高，与1%接种量的发酵产物相比有了明显的提高。之后增大菌种的接种量，发酵产物的酯化力没有明显的提高。
我们没有就此满足，在铸管领域继续加大科技创新力度，不断开发特殊涂层管、压力等级管、排污管以及特殊用途的铸管新产品、新技术，自主开发成功高效离心机等装备。
三是选择好播区。今年，飞播造林选择了几种类型的造林地块，即完成整地的未造林地、整地造林的未成林地、播前使用镐头搂沟的宜林地、灌木林地、高山远山宜林地。通过苗情调查，我们认为，飞播造林地块应尽可能进行播前整地或搂沟，为种子出苗提供了良好的土壤环境，同时可以有效避免水冲使种子集中到低洼处。几种形式的地块出苗率较好的是完成整地的未造林地和整地造林的未成林地，其余依次为播前使用镐头搂沟的宜林地、灌木林地、高山远山宜林地。
“There are some common efforts, such as strengthening public awareness and positively affecting radicalized individuals with education and helping them reintegrate into society,” Han added.
Realization and return
Abdu Semet is undergoing training at a vocational education and training center in Yutian, a county in Xinjiang. He was running a restaurant six years ago when he became a target of so-called “religious scholars” and became radicalized.
“I put a notice on the door of my restaurant saying, ‘non-Muslims are not allowed’,” the 29-year-old said. “I drove non-Muslims away or beat them if they didn’t see the notice and came in.”
Xinjiang is a frontline in the fi ght against terrorism and extremism in China. To address the root causes of radicalization and implement preventative and integrational measures, it has initiated vocational education and training programs in accordance with the law.
The vocational training centers run a curriculum that includes the standard spoken and written Chinese, basic knowledge of the law and occupational skills, which is designed to facilitate de-radicalization. The vocational classes are tailored to local needs. In Hotan Prefecture in south Xinjiang, for example, trainees can choose among garment making, food processing, hairdressing and beauty services, or interior design.
Internationally, de-radicalization is done in three ways: through legislation, intervention programs and communitybased mechanisms, said Li Wei, an expert on anti-terrorism with the China Institutes of Contemporary International Relations.
Imbalanced development is one of the main problems in China and the authorities are now focused on addressing it. From 2014 to 2018, more than 580,000 households were lifted out of poverty in Xinjiang, according to offi cial data.
People referred to the training program are assessed after the training and then managed accordingly, in accordance with the law.
Abdulaziz Raddad A. Alrabie, Director of the Mecca office of Okaz, a Saudi Arabian newspaper, said the vocational education and training center is in no way a “concentration camp,” but a school where people with extremist thoughts were transformed.
A woman learns weaving at a vocational education and training center in Kashgar on October 12, 2018
Different reactions
Recently, a group of journalists from 24 countries including the United States, Russia, Italy, Japan, Saudi Arabia, Turkey and Iran, visited some vocational education and training centers and inquired about the people undergoing training in great detail.
“De-radicalization is done differently in different countries according to their national demographics, history and culture as well as values,” Han Na, a lecturer at the School of National Security and Counter-Terrorism, People’s Public Security University of China, told Beijing Review.
“This is a school, not a ‘concentration camp’,” said Paolo Salom, Deputy Director of the International Department of the Italian newspaper Corriere della Sera. “It’s a place where people learn not only laws and regulations but also how to fi nd a job and cope in modern society. To overcome extremism through education, no doubt, is the right way.”
Semet, who now regrets his past behavior, attributes his change to a better understanding of its consequences. “If I continued my disoriented way, my children could be in jeopardy and my hometown embroiled in turmoil,” he said.
“I saw genuine smiles on the faces of the trainees I interviewed, and I can tell they are satisfi ed with their life and study at the center,” Alrabie said.
But, there is a perception gap on the de-radicalization efforts in Xinjiang.
陶渊明自认为是：少无适俗韵，性本爱丘山。这份心境让他于乱世之外，过着“采菊东篱下，悠然见南山。山气日夕佳，飞鸟相与还。”的悠然生活。
In a BBC interview, a Xinjiang official said, “It’s better to stop terrorist activities in advance and not wait for their crimes [but] take action.” However, the remarks were misinterpreted by the reporter as suggesting that China believes it can determine the guilt of people assessed as extremists in advance.
However, in the UK, about 50 people are reportedly referred to de-radicalization programs every week, raising the question of how their guilt is determined in advance.
豪华的一线卡司，加之二十世纪九十年代初繁荣的香港电影市场，和作为安全牌的古装武侠题材，这部电影怎么说也是能赚个盆满钵满吧。可是结果却让无数人跌破眼镜：号称成本为五千万港币，票房成绩只有一千一百万港币。遭遇了滑铁卢式的失败，导致一系列三部的计划最终流产，真可谓是出师未捷身先死。
由表6可知，1 kW的烘干功率不够，水分未完全蒸干，组织结构未紧缩；2 kW下水分烘干差不多，但质构还未重整，更紧缩；而4 kW功率太大，烘干太快，质构变化太大，容易烘干不均匀，导致局部太干；在烘干功率为3 kW的条件下适宜，且凤尾鱼片口感较好，色泽保持得很好。
“The counter-terrorism law is a preventive law. It’s too late to take action after terrorists have perpetrated a crime against the public. It shows irresponsibility toward public lives and property,” Li told Beijing Review.
According to him, the different stands on China’s way of intervention are due to the different ideologies between the East and West. “The current terrorism threat to developing countries is more severe than to developed ones in the West, which results in a perception gap when it comes to addressing the issue,” Li said.
Copyedited by Sudeshna Sarkar
Comments to ffli@bjreview.com
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