The author is an op-ed contributor to Beijing Review and an expert on international studies
As both the U.S. and the DPRK plan to address problems through dialogue, they need to change their obsolete way of thinking and behavioral pattern
T he second summit between the top leaders of the United States and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) in Viet Nam’s capital Hanoi on February 27-28, an apparently positive move for the Korean Peninsula situation,was the cynosure of all eyes but failed to meet the high expectations, ending without any agreement. The media, agog to see progress, neglected the reality that the summit was convened under immature conditions. That’s why it was virtually doomed to end with no results. What the two countries should do now is to draw lessons from the experience and figure out how to deal with the issue in the future.
Departure from first summit
Some say the first summit between U.S.President Donald Trump and DPRK leader Kim Jong Un was more symbolic than substantial. Yet the joint statement reached at the first meeting in Singapore on June 12,2018 confirmed the core tenet that the U.S. would ensure peace in exchange of the DPRK agreeing to denuclearize. It offered the most vital political basis to solve the nuclear problem on the Korean Peninsula and marked a historic shift. In the past, the U.S. had been demanding the DPRK’s complete denuclearization as a precondition for negotiations.
However, after the summit, the U.S.began to deviate from its basic spirit. It not only dragged its feet on signing a peace treaty with the DPRK that would have led to a formal accord with the Republic of Korea(ROK), replacing the truce that ended the 1950-53 Korean war, but also refused to fulfill its promise to ease sanctions against the DPRK. Instead, it once again asked the DPRK to completely abandon nuclear weapons as a precondition to lifting sanctions, which drove the situation back to square one.
Against this background, the main purpose of the DPRK’s request for a second summit was to reaffirm the political basis for the negotiations.
我经常给妈妈提的一个建议就是“做就对了”。当你认为宝宝的想法做法不合理、不可行，别只是针对他的行为指手画脚。说许多大道理或批评、责骂、处罚，只会让宝宝没路可走，产生负面的抵触情绪，是不可能改变结果的。所以，正确的做法就是：启动你的智慧，多些创意，引导宝宝去做能做、可做、会做的事。
For the DPRK, its main challenge currently comes from its economy. Developing the economy will remain the main theme of its politics. Therefore, seeking to resolve problems through dialogue will remain its basic policy.
As both the U.S. and the DPRK plan to address problems through dialogue, they need to change their obsolete way of thinking and behavioral pattern, especially in three areas.
他的头发有一抹灰色，不明真相者以为是年轻人爱时髦染的头发，而王棣则苦笑：这样的家庭是不可能允许我这么染的，那是头发自己长出的颜色。
They need to change their understanding of each other as well as each other’s strategic direction. There has been serious hostility and distrust between the U.S. and the DPRK due to the historical feud and complex politics and ideologies. Eliminating hostility is not easy. One wise thing Trump has done is not to express hostility against the DPRK because there were no results at the Viet Nam summit. Instead, he braved domestic criticism and adopted a realistic and feasible approach to some specific issues,which is conducive to the development of bilateral ties.
However, ahead of the second summit,Trump once again announced that the U.S.would help the DPRK develop its economy only if it abandoned nuclear weapons. One reason for choosing Viet Nam as the venue of the summit was to draw attention to the Southeast Asian country’s model of development. The focus of the negotiations as well as media attention was diverted to the economy. The basic spirit of the first summit—peace as a tradeoff for denuclearization—changed into denuclearization for lifting sanctions. This inevitably led to the fruitlessness of the summit.
Three changes needed
However, though the second summit ended without any agreement, the situation on the Korean Peninsula will not deteriorate in the short term. That is because the first summit set the tone of reconciliation and neither the U.S. nor the DPRK would like to take the blame for destroying the upward momentum.
其次，挖掘农村本土文化消费产品，和城市文化消费相比，如果能够找到具有乡村特色的文化消费产品，对这些特特色进行充分应用，可以促进当地文化经济发展。促使该地农村文化消费市场得到进一步拓宽，以不同农村需求为基础，大力发展特色文化[2]。
Moreover, Trump, facing multiple challenges from the opposition at home as he seeks re-election, is eager to win some credit. With the DPRK agreeing not to conduct nuclear weapon and continental ballistic missile tests, the relatively peaceful situation on the peninsula is in his favor, compared with the tensions during his predecessor Barack Obama’s presidency.
A deeper rift between the U.S. and the DPRK lies in their different strategic considerations about the peninsula’s future.The U.S. international theory and national policy are both based on its own interests.However, while some interests are legitimate, others aren’t. Many Americans might feel upset if the U.S. is criticized as an imperialist country. However, since the end of the Cold War in the 1990s, the core political objective of all U.S. administrations has been to guarantee the dominance of the country.
A staff works at the International Media Center for the second summit between the DPRK and the United States,on February 25 in Hanoi, Vietnam
The U.S. would like to keep its troops stationed on the Korean Peninsula to maintain control over the situation as well as its hegemony. But that would ultimately lead the peninsula issue into a deadlock. It is difficult to make the U.S. realize that the world today does not welcome hegemony.
The two countries should also jettison their system baggage. While the U.S.criticizes the DPRK’s social system, it is its two-party system that has been thwarting bilateral efforts to resolve problems through dialogue. In the two-party system,party interests are often put higher than national interests, leading to incumbent presidents scrapping the treaties signed by their predecessors. Only when the U.S.is expanding its interests do the two parties reach an agreement. Once there is a contraction or compromise, it is inevitably opposed by the opposition and eventually amended. This is an important reason why the DPRK nuclear issue is difficult to resolve.
石英脉及其蚀变岩带是矿区内钼矿形成的直接载体。在石英脉及其蚀变岩带与围岩的接触部位，存在有大量的呈细脉状和网脉状的微裂隙，这些均形成了良好的容矿空间和矿液通道，是本区重要的含矿构造地质体。
Also, the two countries need to change the way of negotiation. An important reason there was no agreement is that the negotiation had no clear goals. What did the second summit aim to achieve? Reconfir the basic spirit of the joint statement of the first summit, or set a phased goal as the basic spirit is clear? The lack of clear goals made the negotiation hard to go forward. Actually, the U.S.and the DPRK have no mature negotiation framework by far.
The failure of the six-party talks involving the DPRK, the U.S., the ROK, China, Japan and Russia, is also partly attributable to the lack of a clear negotiation goals. However,the six-party talks have left some valuable lessons. One of them is that the negotiations should be divided into different sections and conducted step by step. For example, the talks can be divided into a political module focusing on the goals, an economic module to discuss compensations and aid measures,a military module on disarmament on the peninsula and a technical module to realize denuclearization step by step. All these parts,when wrapped up, will coalesce into the big negotiation.
No matter English used as the first language in western countries or used second language in Chinese context,a certain phonological awareness is essential for learning to read.So,in turn,does the progress of reading skills play a role in improving phonological awareness?
Compared with traditional negotiation patterns in which the weak always faces pressure from the strong, module negotiation can bring more fairness and justice. It can not only produce a package agreement in the end, but also establish trust between two sides during the negotiation.
China’s role
China is an important stakeholder in the Korean Peninsula nuclear issue, whether it attends the negotiations or not. In the past three decades, China has played the role of a guide, a guardian of fairness and justice, and a mediator during deadlocks.
China advocates establishing a community with a shared future for humanity because there is only one direction for international relations in the future, and that is win-win cooperation.
胡菡等[4]提出要制订详细的实习授课计划和加强对实习指导教师的培训。校方要制订统一的生产实习教学计划、教学大纲和教学规程，形成文字教材，要求带队教师进行备课和授课。实习指导教师不仅要保障学生在实习期间的安全、对学生进行监督和管理，还要对学生进行专业指导、解答学生实习中所遇到的各种问题。学校需要加强指导教师指导能力的培训，同时还要加大力度建设校外实习基地和培养导师队伍；至少聘请1位实习单位业务骨干兼任企业实习指导导师，向学生传授相关业务和安全知识。
The past cannot be changed but the future lies in the choices we make. The world is undergoing profound changes unseen in a millennium. From the perspective of the progress of human civilization, the Korean Peninsula nuclear issue is not hard to solve.The hard part is people’s mental block. ■
Copyedited by Sudeshna Sarkar
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