Following tips from a tourist guide 15 years ago, Zhao Jiang went to Mahabalipuram, a town, that despite its architectural splendors, golden beach and performing arts, was strictly off the map for Chinese holiday-goers at the time. Then in October, came the news that Chinese President Xi Jinping and Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi would have an informal summit at the same seaside resort in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.
“I was happy that Tamil Nadu got the chance to host the summit and enjoy the spotlight, and I was proud that what I have learned and am working on has now become well-known,” Zhao, who heads the Tamil language service at China Radio International (CRI), said.
It has been an illuminating journey for Zhao. In the mid-1990s, when she went to study a foreign language at the Communication University of China, she chose her major more on a quirk. “At that time, the university was offering Bangla, Nepali, Swahili and Tamil as foreign languages. I knew Bangla was spoken in Bangladesh, Nepali in Nepal and Swahili in Tanzania. But I had never heard of Tamil and I had no idea where it was spoken. So I signed up for this unheard-of language,” she said.
北岛的这种艺术主张充分体现在他80年代后的创作中。诗人运用多种艺术手法，“使他的诗在朦胧的底色上更呈现了错综、奇诡、扑朔迷离的味道。”[2]发表于1985年的作品《触电》正处于北岛诗歌创作的转型期，综合运用了通感、视角转换、蒙太奇、超现实主义等艺术手法。而目前对北岛《触电》一诗进行阐释的文章大多都采用“传记式批评”或“印象式批评”。本文旨在通过借鉴新批评、阐释学、接受美学等批评方法对《触电》所体现的艺术手法及目前读者对其作出的阐释进行分析。
The Great Wall of Tamil
Today, she is an expert in Tamil, the predominant language in Tamil Nadu. It is also spoken in Sri Lanka, Singapore and Malaysia. One of the oldest languages in the world with a history of about 2,100 years, its script is formidable, leading to a noted Indian business tycoon calling it “the Great Wall of Tamil.”
When Chinese navigator Zheng He (1371-1433) set out on his exploratory voyages in the 15th century, he made several stops in southern India, including Mahabalipuram during his third voyage. And much before Zheng, there were trade, diplomatic and cultural exchanges between China and Mahabalipuram, which was a bustling port in the seventh century.
A poster for the Tamil service of China Radio International (CRI) with two of its Internet stars, Liao Liang, known by her Tamil name Poogothai, and He Liyuan, or Nilaani
Zhang Jie, who has a degree in e-commerce, was one of the four interns in 2005. “I wanted to learn Tamil because I wanted to be one of that rare group of people who can speak two of the oldest languages in the world, Chinese and Tamil,” he said. “Our teacher was a fi rst-generation Chinese speaker of Tamil and I learned enough in 14 months to be able to translate from Chinese into Tamil.” Today, the 36-year-old has his own Tamil program on Facebook and is known to his listeners by his Tamil name, Kalaimani, which means a gem of an artist.
On the occasion of Xi’s visit to Tamil Nadu, the trio did a brace of Facebook live special programs, highlighting the cultural connections through the arts, food and fi lms.
Da和De分别为空气动力学粒径和几何学粒径；ρtap为颗粒密度，可以用最紧松密度代替即为振实密度，ρ0为参照密度，为1 g/cm，X为动态形态因子（球形时X＝1）
5．突出了教材的实践性。增设了实践性和操作性强的“化学教学技能训练——微格教学，信息技术在化学教学中的应用，化学教学设计，化学教学测量与评价，中学化学实验教学研究”的内容，使教材实践性、操作性大大增强了。
“Tamil culture, besides being fascinating, has a long connection with China,” said Sun Qing, one of the 14 Chinese Tamil speakers in the department.
The Tamil service was started to introduce China, its culture, economy, technological marvels and the links between the two worlds, not always remembered to the Tamil-speaking world.
五是建立验收审查及履行结算报告制度。验收审查是关闭合同的关键环节。应当及时组织专业人员及合同对方对项目进行验收，完善验收证明资料，并据此提交履行结算报告。对于存在质量保证期的项目，应当预留保证金，用以解决因质量问题引发的纠纷。
When CRI started its Tamil service in 1963, there were very few Chinese people who spoke the language. One of the fi rst members on the staff was from Sri Lanka and the department started teaching the language to interns.
He Liyuan, who uses the Tamil name Nilaani, became an Internet star with her musical rendition of kurals—couplets—fromThirukkural, a Tamil classic collection of over 1,300 couplets on ethics and morality that have had an immense influence on Tamil culture. She said she learned how to sing the couplets on the Internet. What gives her performance a special vibe is the Tamil greeting she uses, vanakkam, and the similarity between what the couplets teach and the teachings of revered Chinese philosophers like Confucius and writers like 11th century poet Su Shi.
In its five decades of operation, the Tamil service has branched out into FM programs and new media. In the era of social media, its new focus is videos and platforms like Facebook. Along with Sun, Liao Liang and He Liyuan are CRI’s Facebook team of the Tamil service.
Sun traveled to the Shaolin Temple in Henan Province in central China, famed for its monks’ prowess in Shaolin kungfu, on an assignment. “I saw the statue of Bodhidharma outside the temple,” she said, referring to the Indian prince from southern India who lived during the fifth to sixth century. He became a Buddhist monk and traveled to China, where he is said to have propagated Chan Buddhism, also known as Zen Buddhism in Japan.
中职生年龄一般为15～17岁，不仅有青春期中学生的普遍特征，还有一些自身所特有的心理特点。中职生基本上是中考失败的学生，都有考试失败、家人责骂、老师不重视以及认为中职学校学生低人一等的感受，他们频繁出现的课堂问题行为，与其自卑、焦虑、紧张、敏感和自我保护心理是分不开的。有的中职生为了引起老师和同学的关注，故意扰乱课堂秩序；有的学生则因多次受到老师责骂而心怀怨恨；一些学生无法静下心来学习。这样便形成了中职生比较特殊且严重的课堂问题行为。此外，厌学情绪也是不容忽视的原因。
A new star
“In Quanzhou City in Fujian, southeast China, you can see the ruins of a Shiva temple. There are inscriptions bearing Tamil characters,” Sun said. Shiva, or the destroyer, is one of the three prime Hindu gods and the temple is believed to have been built in 685 during the Tang Dynasty (618-907).
One of her renditions from Thirukkural is a couplet that says education is more important than riches. She likened it to Su Shi’s line Fu you shi shu qi zi hua, meaning a person who has acquired knowledge will appear elegant in whatever he does.
（1）政策文件方面：党和国家领导人高度重视质量信用建设工作，多次在重要场合、重要会议上强调，要坚持以质量第一为价值导向、牢固树立质量第一的强烈意识，并相继出台了多项政策性文件指导质量诚信体系建设，包括《征信业管理条例》《中共中央 国务院关于开展质量提升行动的指导意见》《质量发展纲要（2011-2020年）》《社会信用体系建设规划纲要（2014-2020年）》以及《企业质量信用评价工作方案》等。
“Bharatnatyam is a classical Indian dance that comes from Tamil Nadu,” Liao said. “We found a Chinese danseuse living in Beijing who learned the dance in India and is now teaching it to Chinese youngsters with her daughter. She recently invited renowned Indian dancer Leela Samson to Beijing for a workshop and we captured the event to show how close the peopleto-people cultural links are.”
For the food show, He went to Indian Kitchen in Beijing, where with the help of the chef from Tamil Nadu, she poured a batter of ground rice and pulses on a steaming gigantic frying pan in the kitchen to make the Indian delicacy known as dosa, a type of pancake eaten with an assortment of chutneys and a simmering vegetable soup.
“We wanted to show our Tamil audience how close the dosa is to jianbing, a popular Chinese street food where the pancake is made from a batter of wheat and grain and has a fi lling of eggs and sauces,” she said. “We are connected by food as well.”
CRI’s Tamil Service journalists do a live show on January 27 from a village in Shaanxi, northwest China, showing how villagers make huamo, a traditional food, to celebrate the Chinese LunarNew Year
Sun’s project meant a trip to Hengdian in Zhejiang Province of east China, famed for its sprawling film studio. There she presented scenes from Chinese martial arts movies interspersed with visuals from a popular Tamil science fiction action film, Robot.2 that was screened in Chinese theaters in September. And while she hosted the program, to the delight of fans, she was accompanied by a lifesize cutout of Rajnikanth, the Tamil superstar, who plays the scientist in the fi lm that creates a humanoid robot.
The special program culminated in the China Meets India event in Chennai, capital of Tamil Nadu, during Xi’s visit where the CRI team met their Tamil fans and presented them with mementos from China.
So what’s next for the Tamil service? “We have just finished the Tamil translation for a special video on the 70th anniversary of the founding of the People’s Republic of China,” Zhao said. “That’s going to be one of our new programs.”
Copyedited by Rebeca Toledo
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